In his illuminating introduction, Robert Graves discusses the function of myth. He claims that in the first place, it serves to answer the type of awkward questions that children ask, like Who made the world or Who were the first people? The second function of myth is to justify an existing social system and to account for traditional customs and rites.

Graves points out how myths of origin and eventual extinction vary according to the climate and that one finds a warm celestial afterworld in the north or a fresh flowered Elysian Field in Greece. He also deals with the Akan of Ghana and with Egypt and India. His conclusion is that myth is a dramatic shorthand record of stuff like invasions, migrations, dynastic changes, admission of foreign cults and social reforms. For example, when bread was first introduced in Greece, the myth of Demeter and Triptolemus sanctified its use.

The Encyclopedia investigates prehistoric mythology and that of Egypt, Assyro-Babylonia, Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, Persia, India, China, Japan, Oceania and that of the Celts, the Teutons, the Amerindians and Africans. It contains 34 colour plates and hundred of black and white illustrations and it concludes with a further reading list divided under different headings reflecting its chapter contents, plus a thorough index.

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Andrew H. Gordon, Calvin W. Schwabe - The Quick An d The Dead, Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt (20 04).pdf

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Andrew H. Gordon, Calvin W. Schwabe - The Quick An d The Dead, Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt (20 04).jpg

Starożytność1 - Andrew H. Gordon, Calvin W. Schwabe - The Quick And ...nd The Dead, Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt 2004.jpg

This volume uses a cross-disciplinary approach to examine the origins of ancient Egyptian medicine in the domestication, care and sacrifice of cattle. Ritual cattle sacrifice in Egypt led to a rudimentary understanding of animal anatomy and physiology, which was then applied to humans. Two original theories developed from this comparative medicine: Life as movement, especially seen in the fasciolations of excised limbs, and the male's role in reproduction. Discussions include Egypt as a cattle culture, the ka as an animating force, 'living flesh,' the possible animal origins of the ankh, djed and was hieroglyphs, the bull's foreleg and the Opening-of-the-Mouth ritual, Egypt's healing establishment, and veterinary medicine as it relates to the origin of human medicine.

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George Rawlison - Seven Great Monarchies of the An cient Eastern World (1870).pdf

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George Rawlison - Seven Great Monarchies of the An cient Eastern World (1870).jpg

The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 1. (of 7): Chaldaea - The History, Geography, And Antiquities Of Chaldaea, - Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Parthia, And Sassanian - or New Persian Empire; With Maps and Illustrations. is presented here in a high quality paperback edition. This popular classic work by George Rawlinson is in the English language. If you enjoy the works of George Rawlinson then we highly recommend this publication for your book collection.

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1,6 MB
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Andrea Nightingale - Ancient Models of Mind, Studi es in Human and Divine Rationality (2010).pdf

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Andrea Nightingale - Ancient Models of Mind, Studi es in Human and Divine Rationality (2010).jpg

How does god think? How, ideally, does a human mind function? Must a gap remain between these two paradigms of rationality? Such questions exercised the greatest ancient philosophers, including those featured in this book: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Plotinus. This volume encompasses a series of studies by leading scholars, revisiting key moments of ancient philosophy and highlighting the theme of human and divine rationality in both moral and cognitive psychology. The volume is a tribute to A.A. Long, and reflects multiple themes of his own work.

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4,9 MB
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William V. Harris, Giovanni Ruffini - Ancient Ale xandria Between Egypt And Greece (2005).pdf

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William V. Harris, Giovanni Ruffini - Ancient Ale xandria Between Egypt And Greece (2005).jpg

Ancient Alexandria Between Egypt And Greece (Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition)
William V. Harris (Editor),Giovanni Ruffini (Editor)

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Joyce A. Tyldesley - Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egyp t (2008).jpg

The Romans regarded her as 'fatale monstrum', a female Saddam Hussein. Pascal said the shape of her nose changed the history of the world. Shakespeare and Tiepolo (and Elizabeth Taylor) portrayed her as an icon of tragic beauty. But who was Cleopatra, really?She was the last ruler of the Macedonian dynasty of Ptolemies who had ruled Egypt for three centuries. Highly educated (she was the only one of the Ptolemies to read and speak ancient Egyptian as well as the court Greek) and very clever (her famous liaisons with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony were as much to do with politics as the heart), she steered her kingdom through impossibly taxing internal problems and against greedy Roman imperialism. Stripping away our preconceptions, many of them as old as her Roman enemies, Joyce Tyldesley uses all her skills as an Egyptologist to give us a rich picture of a country and its Egyptian queen in this magnificent biography.

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Paul Allan Mirecki - Magic and Ritual in the Ancie nt World (2002).jpg

This volume contains a series of provocative essays that explore expressions of magic and ritual power in the ancient world. The essays are authored by leading scholars in the fields of Egyptology, ancient Near Eastern studies, the Hebrew Bible, Judaica, classical Greek and Roman studies, early Christianity and patristics, and Coptic and Islamic Egypt. The strength of the present volume lies in the breadth of scholarly approaches represented. The book begins with several papyrological studies presenting important new texts in Greek and Coptic, continuing with essays focusing on taxonomy and definition. The concluding essays apply contemporary theories to analyses of specific test cases in a broad variety of ancient Mediterranean cultures.

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David M. Schaps - Handbook for Classical Research (2010).pdf

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One of the glories of the Greco-Roman classics is the opportunity that they give us to consider a great culture in its entirety; but our ability to do that depends on our ability to work comfortably with very varied fields of scholarship. The Handbook for Classical Research offers guidance to students needing to learn more about the different fields and subfields of classical research, and its methods and resources.

The book is divided into 7 parts: The Basics, Language, The Traditional Fields, The Physical Remains, The Written Word, The Classics and Related Disciplines, The Classics since Antiquity. Topics covered range from history and literature, lexicography and linguistics, epigraphy and palaeography, to archaeology and numismatics, and the study and reception of the classics.

Guidance is given not only to read, for example, an archaeological or papyrological report, but also on how to find such sources when they are relevant to research. Concentrating on "how-to" topics, the Handbook for Classical Research is a much needed resource for both teachers and students.

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Stacy Schiff - Cleopatra, A Life (2010).pdf

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For those who think they know enough about Cleopatra or have the enigmatic Egyptian queen all figured out, think again. Schiff, demonstrating the same narrative flair that captivated readers of her Pulitzer Prize–winning Véra (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov) (1999), provides a new interpretation of the life of one of history’s most enduringly intriguing women. Rather than a devastatingly beautiful femme fatale, Cleopatra, according to Schiff, was a shrewd power broker who knew how to use her manifold gifts—wealth, power, and intelligence—to negotiate advantageous political deals and military alliances. Though long on facts and short on myth, this stellar biography is still a page-turner; in fact, because this portrait is grounded so thoroughly in historical context, it is even more extraordinary than the more fanciful legend. Cleopatra emerges as a groundbreaking female leader, relying on her wits, determination, and political acumen rather than sex appeal to astutely wield her power in order to get the job done. Ancient Egypt never goes out of style, and Cleopatra continues to captivate successive generations.

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Luke Pitcher - Writing Ancient History, An Introdu ction to Classical Historiography (2010).jpg

"History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon," said Napoleon. Yet the actual writing of history, especially ancient history, is a practice that often prompts more discord than assent. In his new textbook, Luke Pitcher aims to overcome the hostility which exists between two rival camps in their study of classical historiography. The first camp looks at the classical historians with an eye to what data they can provide about the ancient world. The second camp examines the ancient writers as literary texts in their own right, employing the tools of literary criticism and engaging with such matters as narrative artistry. Attempting to fuse these two -- mutually suspicious -- approaches, Luke Pitcher's attractive introduction offers undergraduate students of classics the first comprehensive introduction to historiography in antiquity on the market. It unites the nitty-gritty of the historian's trade (the finding and managing of data) to an awareness of the importance of style, form, allusion and composition. The book also seeks to do justice to invididual classical historians, and discusses such important figures as Livy, Tacitus, Herodotus, Cicero, Plutarch and Lucian. A comprehensive bibliography and glossary are included. Writing Ancient History at last does full justice to the mechanics of history-writing in the ancient world.

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Hasan M. El-Shamy - Popular Stories of Ancient Egy pt (2002).pdf

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Gaston Maspero is a towering figure in Egyptology. Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt offers a wealth of primary data and authoritative commentaries on ancient Egyptian culture, language, history, society, and ethnic groups as depicted in Egyptian and Greekâ€“Egyptian narratives. The work provides the contextual data necessary for understanding the tale-texts and reflects Maspero's deep knowledge of many fields, from the classics to life in modern Egypt.

This new edition includes a contemporary foreword, which introduces Maspero and describes his scholarship. It also provides, for the first time, extensive identification of the ancient stories in terms of international tale-types and motifs. The new information places the anthology in a broader academic context and is a valuable resource for students of Egyptology, folklore, literature, history, and social and cultural anthropology.

From Library Journal
Collecting popular stories from ancient Egypt is unlike collecting folktales from more modern societies. With the literary tales involved here, there are the basic problems of translating from hieroglyphics and of dealing with damaged and fragmentary manuscripts. Beyond that, however, are deeper issues of cultural differences and assumptions from storytellers about what audiences will understand. These stories from Gaston Maspero's classic volume, originally published in 1882, are accompanied by extensive footnotes that detail social expectations and patterns of behavior in ancient Egyptian society, making the texts comprehensible to modern readers. Between Maspero and edition editor Hasan El-Shamy (folklore, Indiana Univ.), introductions make up fully a third of the current volume, but included are important discussions of backgrounds, research methodologies, tale types, and motifs. Each story receives its own brief introduction as well, including provenance, dating of manuscripts, thematic and content discussions, and comparison with other tales. Part of the ABC-CLIO "Classic Folk & Fairy Tales" series, whose senior editor is noted folklore scholar Jack Zipes, Popular Stories of Ancient Egypt is recommended for all libraries.

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H. Craig Melchert - The Luwians (2003).pdf

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H. Craig Melchert - The Luwians (2003).jpg

The Luwians played at least as important a role as the Hittites in the history of the ancient Near East during the second and first millennia BCE, but for various reasons they have been overshadowed by and even confused with their more famous relatives and neighbours. Redressing this imbalance, this volume by an international team of scholars offers a comprehensive, state-of-the-art appraisal of the Luwians. A brief introduction sets the context and confronts the problem of defining "the Luwians". Following chapters describe their prehistory, history, writing and language, religion and material culture.

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David J.A. Clines, Philip R. Davies - The Tragedy in History, Herodotus and the Deuteronomistic His tory (1999).pdf

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A growing number of scholars regard the Hellenistic period as central to the formation of the Old Testament historical traditions. As a piece of historiography recounting the history of a whole people or nation corporately and explaining the causes of the final state of things, the so-called Deuteronomistic History stands unique compared to extra-biblical, Near Eastern literature prior to the Hellenistic Age. Among Hittite, Babylonian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Syro-Palestinian and Persian historiographic texts, there seems to be nothing comparable. Instead, a close extra-biblical literary parallel to the Deuteronomistic History is furnished by the Greek historiographer Herodotus.

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Gwendolyn Leick - Who's Who in the Ancient Near Ea st (1999).pdf

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What do we know of the historical Nebuchadnezzar? Who were the Hittites? When did Isaiah preach? How did Jezebel get her bad reputation? Why did Alexander the Great set fire to Persepolis?
From the celebrated to the notorious, Gwendolyn Leick's fascinating new work offers over 300 A-Z entries on the people who shaped the history of the Near East between the First Dynasty of Kish in the 2500's B.C. and the end of the Selucid period in the 200's B.C. These readable yet authoritative mini-biographies include rulers, officials, royal consorts, merchants, bankers, military leaders, priests and scholars, and bring to life some of the best-known events of the ancient world. Who's Who in the Ancient Near Eastwill delight anyone with an interest in ancient or Biblical history.

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John Farndon, Rob Sheffield, Mike White, Mike Fost er - 1000 Things You Should Know About Ancient His tory (2000).pdf

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John Farndon, Rob Sheffield, Mike White, Mike Fost er - 1000 Things You Should Know About Ancient His tory (2000).jpg

Starożytność1 - John Farndon, Rob Sheffield, Mike White, Mike Foster...00 Things You Should Know About Ancient History 2000.jpg

If you are hungry for facts this is the perfect database. If you like your information served up in bite-size pieces you will feast on 1000 Things You Should Know. There are 100 illustrated topic panels on ANCIENT HISTORY and each panel contains 10 key facts.

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Miranda Green - Animals in Celtic Life and Myth (1 993).pdf

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