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18 cze 14 16:29

Anonim - Zdobycie Ziemi Świętej przez Saladyna.pdf

Oblężenie Jeruzalem zaczęło się 20 września. Miasto zostało otoczone ze wszystkich
stron przez niewiernych, którzy wystrzeliwali wciąż strzały w niebo. Przerażające było
ich uzbrojenie, hałas, jaki im towarzyszył oraz ryk trąb. Ze swego gardła wydzierali
jakieś słowa: "Hai, hai". Miasto było wzbudzone hałasem i krzykami barbarzyńców,
chrześcijanie z kolei wołali: "Prawdziwy i Święty Krzyż! Panie Jezusie Chrystusie,
któryś zmartwychwstał! Ocal miasto Jeruzalem i jego mieszkańców".

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Jan Tyszkiewicz, Karol Mórawski - Krzyżacy (1980).pdf

Syntetycznie ujęte dzieje zakonu krzyżackiego od czasu powstania w Jerozolimie, aż do jego kasacji i sekularyzacji w 1525 roku.

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Cecile Morrison - Krucjaty (1997).pdf

Spis treści:

ROZDZIAŁ PIERWSZY: CZAS NARODZIN
I - Motywy odległe
1. Pielgrzymki do Jerozolimy
2. Uznanie wojen z niewiernymi
3. Wschód w oczach mieszkańców Zachodu końca XI stulecia

II - Motywy bezpośrednie
1. Bizancjum w przeddzień krucjaty czyli nieporozumienie
2. Apel Urbana II w Clermont i ogłoszenie I wyprawy krzyżowej

ROZDZIAŁ DRUGI: I, II i III KRUCJATA - POWSTANIE i UPADEK PAŃSTW ŁACIŃSKICH w ZIEMI ŚWIĘTEJ
I - Pierwsza wyprawa i Aleksy I Komnen
II - Powodzenie misji krzyżowców a ich skłóceni wrogowie
1. Podziały na Bliskim Wschodzie
2. Pierwsza krucjata i pierwsze aneksje terytorialne (1099-1125 )

III- Islam przejmuje inicjatywę (1125-1188)
1. Atabegowie Mosulu i święta wojna przeciw Frankom (1125-1145)
2. Klęska II krucjaty (1148)
3. Ofensywy i kontrofensywy: zmagania z Nur ad-Dinem (1148-1175)
4. Saladyn i zagłada pierwszego Królestwa Jerozolimskiego (1175-1188)
IV - Trzecia wyprawa krzyżowa i ustalenie status quo (1187-1193)

ROZDZIAŁ TRZECI: KRUCJATY XIII WIEKU- MANOWCE i BEZSILNOŚĆI - Czwarta krucjata zmienia kierunek; powstanie państw łacińskich w Grecji
II - Błądzenie ciągłe czyli krucjaty polityczne XIII stulecia
III - Rozejmy i krucjaty. Ziemia Święta we współistnieniu z Ajjubidami (1198-1254)
1. Okresy spokoju
2. Piąta krucjata (1217-1219)
3. Krucjata (VI) Fryderyka II (1228-1229)
4. Wojna domowa w Palestynie i utrata Jerozolimy (1229-1244)
5. Siódma krucjata (1248-1249)
IV - Wśród Mongołów i mameluków: kres państw krzyżowych w Syrii i Palestynie (1250-1291)
V - Projekty i zabiegi. Krucjaty XIV i XV wieku

ROZDZIAŁ CZWARTY: ORGANIZACJA KRUCJAT
I- Przygotowania: głoszenie, organizacja, finanse
II - Wymarsz. Aprowizacja, transport wojsk i pieniędzy
III - Organizacja wojsk krzyżowych (stan liczebny, dowodzenie, strategia i taktyka)
IV - Potrzeby wojny a struktura polityczna państw krzyżowych (porządek feudalny, zakony rycerskie w obronie Ziemi Świętej)
V - „Kolonialny" charakter państw krzyżowych

ROZDZIAŁ PIĄTY: KRUCJATY W ŚWIECIE SREDNIOWIECZA.
I - Krucjaty a świadomość chrześcijan zachodnich
1. Doktryna kościelna
2. Duch rycerski
3. Duch „ludowy"
4. Krytyka
5. Cywilizacja państw krzyżowych
II - Krucjaty a konfrontacja między Wschodem a Zachodem
1. Krucjaty a Bizancjum
2. Krucjaty a islam

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Michel Balard - Łaciński Wschód XI-XVw.(2010).pdf

Zachodnia ekspansja na Wschód w okresie od XI do XV wieku przybierała różne formy - pielgrzymek, krucjat, działalności handlowej, misji katolickich i podróży poznawczych. Chociaż Zachód i Wschód nigdy nie żyły w całkowitej izolacji, to wyprawy krzyżowe stały się okazją do spotkania ludzi trzech kultur: łacińskiej, greckiej i arabskiej. Prowadzeni wiarą krzyżowcy zdobywali obszary Ziemi Świętej i tworzyli swoje państwa. Za nimi szli kupcy, którzy otrzymywali przywileje i zaczęli się na Wschodzie osiedlać. Założenie przez Łacinników faktorii i kolonii w Bizancjum, nad Morzem Czarnym i na wschodnim wybrzeżu Morza Śródziemnego zaowocowało rozwojem handlu lewantyńskiego w sieci handlowej ciągnącej się od Anglii po Chiny, a w efekcie spowodowało przemiany gospodarcze i społeczne i rozbudziło ciekawość świata u ludzi Zachodu. Właśnie na gospodarczych, społecznych, politycznych i kulturalnych związkach łacińskiego Zachodu z Cesarstwem Bizantyńskim i światem muzułmańskim koncentrują się zainteresowania Michela Balarda, wybitnego francuskiego mediewisty. W swej pracy badawczej wykorzystuje on obszerny materiał źródłowy, jaki stanowią dokumenty gospodarcze przechowywane w archiwach włoskich miast kupieckich. Te, które znajdują się w bogatych archiwach Genui, jako pierwszy opracował i wydał. Książka Łaciński Wschód jest syntezą całego jego dorobku naukowego.

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Audioksiążka - Zofia Kossak - Krzyżowcy (1935) (20 93m27s).mp3

Tom I: Bóg tak chce!

Śląsk, rok 1095. Dwunastu rycerzy śląskich, w tym trzej bracia Strzegonie wyruszają na Węgry aby uzyskać pomoc w walce przeciw wojewodzie Sieciechowi. Przyłączają się do węgierskiego poselstwa, zmierzającego do papieża. W Clermont Urban II ogłasza krucjatę, do której przyłączają się też Strzegonie, by uniknąć represji ze strony Sieciecha. Wcześniej rusza jednak krucjata ludowa, pod dowództwem Piotra Eremity i Waltera bez Mienia.

Część tłumu pod dowództwem rycerzy- bandytów- Gottschalka i von Emicha, odłącza się, by robić pogromy Żydów, zostaje jednak rozbita. Reszcie udaje się dotrzeć do Konstantynopola. Część pierwsza kończy się opisem przygotowań krucjaty rycerskiej.

Tom II: Fides graeca

Do Konstantynopola przybywają armie krzyżowców dowodzone przez Rajmunda z Tuluzy, Gotfryda de Bouillon i jego brata Baldwina de Boulogne, Boemunda de Hauteville i jego siostrzeńca Tankreda de Hauteville, oraz dwóch Robertów: flandryjskiego i normandzkiego. Dowiadują się, że krucjata ludowa została wymordowana przez Turków. Cesarz zmusza ich do złożenia przysięgi wiernośći. Później krzyżowcy przystępują do oblężenia Nicei, miasto zostaje jednak zajęte przez Bizantyjczyków.

Głównym tematem tego tomu jest zderzenie trzech cywilizacji: łacińskiej, greckiej i arabskiej.

Tom III: Wieża Trzech Sióstr

Lotaryńczycy i Normanowie chcą się rozdzielić. Jednakże cudem wygrana bitwa pod Doryleą przekonuje ich, że tylko działając razem mają szansę przeżyć. W bitwie ginie Witosław Strzegonia. Krzyżowcy z trudem pokonują pustynię i przystępują do dlaszych podbojów. Baldwin odłącza się, by zagarnąć dla siebie Edessę. Rajmund i reszta zaczynają oblegać Antiochię, jednak bez powodzenia. Imbram Strzegonia wdaje się w romans z Greczynką, zdradzając tym samym swą żonę Ofkę, co wywołuje gniew jego brata, Zbyluta.

Bracia odnajdują polskiego jeńca-uciekiniera Ostoja Jastrzębca, który wskazuje Boemundowi sposób zdobycia Antiochii-wystarczy opanować Wieżę Trzech Sióstr i otworzyć bramę. Plan się udaje, miasto jednak i tak było na skraju klęski z powodu wyczerpania zapasów. Krzyżowcy zamykają się w Antiochii, czekając na Turków, ci jednak postanawiają nie wytaczać otwartej bitwy, tylko poczekać, aż głód zabije Europejczyków...

Tom IV: Jerozolima wyzwolona

Turcy pod przewodnictwem Kurbughi stoją wokół Antiochii, podczas gdy krzyżowców gnębi głód. Wydaje się, ze ich klęska jest przesądzona, gdy nagle odnaleziona zostaje relikwia- włócznia, którą przebito bok Jezusa. W międzyczasie Kurbugha w wyniku przepowiedni swojej matki cofa się spod murów. Dochodzi do bitwy, w której wygrywają krzyżowcy. Armia krzyżowa zmuszona jest jednak stanąć w miejscu, w wyniku konfliktu między Boemundem a Rajmundem o Antiochię. W mieście szerzy się zaraza, która pochłania wiele ofiar. Na chorobę zapada też Zbylut, przed śmiercią wyjawia Imbramowi, że kochał się w Ofce, nienawidzi więc brata i zemści się po śmierci. Przerażony Imbram przebija zwłoki Zbyluta drewnianym kołkiem.

Po podpaleniu Antiochii przez część krzyżowców Rajmund zgadza się ruszyć dalej. Dochodzi do oblężenia Jerozolimy...

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Ruth A Johnston - All Things Medieval; An Encyclop edia of the Medieval World, Volume I-II (2011).pdf

All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World covers the widest definition of "medieval Europe" possible, not by covering history in the traditional, textbook manner of listing wars, leaders, and significant historic events, but by presenting detailed alphabetical entries that describe the artifacts of medieval Europe. By examining the hidden material culture and by presenting information about topics that few books cover—pottery, locks and keys, shoes, weaving looms, barrels, toys, pets, ink, kitchen utensils, and much more—readers get invaluable insights into the nature of life during that time period and area.

The heartland European regions such as England, France, Italy, and Germany are covered extensively, and information regarding the objects of regions such as Byzantium, Muslim Spain, and Scandinavia are also included. For each topic of material culture, the entry considers the full scope of the medieval period—roughly 500-1450—to give the reader a historical perspective of related traditions or inventions and describes the craftsmen and tools that produced it.

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Angeliki E Laiou, Roy Parviz Mottahedeh - The Crus ades From the Perspective of Byzantium and the Mus lim World (2001).pdf

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World is the result of scholarly reassessments of the Crusades. The views expressed here complement the other examinations that focused on the internal and Western aspects of the movement on the nine-hundredth anniversary of the Council of Clermont. The volume opens with an introduction to the historiography of the Crusades, followed by wide-ranging discussions covering four topics: holy war in Byzantium and Islam; the approaches and attitudes of the various peoples affected by and involved in the Crusades; the movement's effect on the economies of the eastern Mediterranean; and the influence of the Crusades on the art and architecture of the East.

About the Author
Angeliki E. Laiou is Dumbarton Oaks Professor of Byzantine History at Harvard University and a former Director of Dumbarton Oaks.

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Jonathan Phillips - The Crusades 1095-1197 (2002).pdf

The idea of the crusade remains a potent one.

In this compelling account, Jonathan Philips moves away from modern constructs and possible misconceptions of the crusades, to explore the origins and development of the idea in its historical context.

Through a mixture of narrative and thematic chapters, the book provides both an outline of key events and issues in the history of the crusades to the Holy Land, and an insight into new areas of research.

Supporting documents include letters, charters, poetry, songsa and art. Aimed at 1st and 2nd year history students, thi s new textbook will bring an intriguing subject vividly to life.

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John J. Robinsin - Dungeon, Fire and Sword; The Kn ights Templar in the Crusades (1994).pdf

Over the past thousand years, the bloodiest game of the king-of-the-hill has been for supremacy on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, the site of the ancient Temple of Solomon. This book recounts the stirring saga of the Knights Templar, the Christian warrior-monks who occupied the sacred Mount in the aftermath of the butchery of the First Crusade. Recruited to a life of poverty, chastity and obedience intended to lead only to martyrdom on the battlefield, they were totally dedicated to the pious paradox that the wholesale slaughter of non-believers would earn the eternal gratitude of the Prince of Peace. The Templars amassed great wealth, which they used to finance their two hundred years of war against Muslims on the desert, in the mountains, and up the broad sweep of the Nile valley. The Templars' reward for those two centuries of military martyrdom was to be arrested by pope and king, tortured by the Inquisition, and finally decreed out of existence. But their legend and legacy just would not die. In telling the incredible story of the Knights Templar, the author's clear explanation of the cultural and religious differences among the Templars' enemies and friends in the Middle East gives fresh understanding of the people who populate this restless region. Here are the Sunnies and the Shiites, the Kurds and Armenians, the Arabs and Turks, who figure so prominently in today's headlines. The similarity of their antagonisms today and those of eight hundred years ago are often so striking as to be eerie. Dungeon, Fire & Sword is a brilliant work of narrative history that can be read as an adventure story...

PART ONE: The First Crusade and the Birth of the Temple
1. Holy War (1052 to 1099)
2. The Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100 to 1118)
3. The Knights of the Temple (1118 to 1139)
4. Allahu Akbar!
PART TWO: At War in the Holy Land
5. St. Bernard's Crusade (1126 to 1148)
6. The Breach at Ascalon (1149 to 1162)
7. The Coming of Saladin (1163 to 1174)
8. The Horns of Hattin (1174 to 1187)
9. The Fall of Jerusalem (1187)
10. Frederick Barbarossa (1187 to 1190)
11. The Lion Heart (1190 to 1191)
12. Impasse (1191 to 1192)
13. The Sons of Saladin (1193 to 1199)
14. A Crusade Against Christians (1200 to 1204)
15. The Albigensian Crusade (1205 to 1214)
16. A Cardinal Sin (1215 to 1229)
17. The Emperor Frederick (1221 to 1229)
18. The Disorder of the Temple (1229 to 1239)
19. Tibald of Champagne (1239 to 1240)
20. Triumph and Tragedy (1241 to 1247)
21. The Man Who Would Be Saint (1244 to1250)
22. King-of-the-Hill (1250 to 1261)
23. The Khan of Khans (1167 to 1260)
24. The Revenge of Baibars (1260 to 1274)
25. The Pope of Good Intentions (1271 to 1274)
26. A Kingdom Coming Apart (1275 to 1289)
27. The Fall of Acre (1289 to 1291)
28. "Jesus Wept" (1292 to 1305)
PART THREE: Torture and Trial
29. Friday the Thirteenth (1306 to 1307)
30. A Faith to Die For (1307 to 1311)
31. The Destruction of the Temple (1311 to1314)
32. Legacy Lists of Templar Grand Masters, Popes, Kings of Jerusalem, France, England, Germany, and Holy Roman Emperors

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Conor Kostick - The Social Structure of the First Crusade (2008).pdf

The First Crusade (1096-1099) was an extraordinary undertaking. Because the repercussions of that expedition have rippled on down the centuries, there has been an enormous literature on the subject. Yet, unlike so many other areas of medieval history, until now the First Crusade has failed to attract the attention of historians interested in social dynamics. This book is the first to examine the sociology of the sources in order to provide a detailed analysis of the various social classes which participated in the expedition and the tensions between them. In doing so, it offers a fresh approach to the many debates surrounding the subject of the First Crusade.

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Paul Magdalino - The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180 (1993).djvu

The reign of Manuel I (1143-1180) marked the high point of the revival of the Byzantine empire under the Comnenian dynasty. It was however followed by a rapid decline, leading to the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. This book, the first devoted to Manuel's reign for over 80 years, reevaluates the emperor and his milieu in the light of recent scholarship. It shows that his foreign policy was a natural response to the Western crusading movement and the expansionism of the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa. It also shows that what he ruled was more than the impoverished rump of a once great empire, or a society whose development had been arrested by a repressive regime. The twelfth century is presented here as a distinctive, creative phase in Byzantine history, when the empire maintained existing traditions and trends while adapting to a changing world.

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Filip Van Tricht - The Latin Renovatio of Byzantiu m (2011).pdf

In 1204 the army of the Fourth Crusade sacked the great city of Constantinople. In earlier historiography the view prevailed that these Western barons and knights temporarily destroyed the Byzantine state and replaced it with a series of feudal states of their own making. Through a comprehensive rereading of better and lesser-known sources this book offers an alternative perspective arguing that the Latin rulers did not abolish, but very consciously wanted to continue the Eastern Empire. In this, the new imperial dynasty coming from Flanders-Hainaut played a pivotal role. Despite religious and other differences many Byzantines sided with the new regime and administrative practices at the different governmental levels were to a larger or lesser degree maintained.

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Conor Kostick - The Siege of Jerusalem; Crusade an d Conquest in 1099 (2009).pdf

This book offers a fascinating insight to the final siege of the First Crusade. The most extraordinary siege in medieval history began with the arrival of a Christian army at Jerusalem on the dawn of 6 June, 1099. There were other sieges that lasted longer, involved greater numbers of troops and deployed more siege engines, but nothing else in the entire medieval period compares to the extraordinary journey that the besiegers had made to get to their goal and the heady religious enthusiasm among the troops. This was the culmination of the First Crusade, a military pilgrimage that had seen hundreds of thousands of men, women and children leave their homes in Western Europe, march for three years over thousands of miles and undergo tremendous hardship to reach their longed-for goal: Jerusalem.No other medieval army had made such a journey to reach its goal. And no other army had such a peculiar makeup. There were hundreds of unattached poor women, gathered from the margins of Northern French towns by the charity of the charismatic preacher Peter the Hermit and given a new direction to their lives by the expedition to Jerusalem. There were farmers who had sold their land and homes, put all their belongings in two-wheeled carts and marched alongside their oxen. Bards came and earned their keep composing songs about the events they were witnessing, from the heroic charges of the nobles to bawdy satires on the lax behaviour of some of the senior clergy. Knights and foot soldiers were at the heart of the fighting forces, naturally. But even here there was a strange fluidity to the army, with the status of a warrior rising or falling depending on his ability to keep his horse alive and his armour in good order.Here is a vivid and engaging account of the events of that siege: the key figures, the turning points, the spiritual beliefs of the participants, the deep political rivalries and the massacre of the inhabitants that left such a deep scar in the horrified imagination that it still evokes passionate feelings nearly a thousand years later.

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David Lowenthal - The Heritage Crusade and the Spo ils of History (1998)(1).pdf

Heritage, while it often constitutes and defines the most positive aspects of culture, is a malleable body of historical text subject to interpretation and easily twisted into myth. When it is appealed to on a national or ethnic level in reactions against racial, religious, or economic oppression, the result is often highly-charged political contention or conflict. The extraordinary theme of this unique book is how the rise of a manifold, crusade-like obsession with tradition and inheritance--both physical and cultural--can lead to either good or evil. In a balanced account of the pros and cons of the rhetoric and spoils of heritage--on the one hand cultural identity and unity, on the other, potential holy war--David Lowenthal discusses the myriad uses and abuses of historical appropriation and offers a rare and accessible account of a concept at once familiar and fraught with complexity. David Lowenthal is Emeritus Professor of Geography at University College London, and the author of the bestselling The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge, 1985)

- A brilliant, wide-ranging and entertaining general study of the ‘heritage industry’
- Written by David Lowenthal, the very successful and acclaimed author of the well-known book The Past is a Foreign Country (1985)
- First published by Penguin Group (in their Viking imprint, 1997) and now available for the first time in paperback

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Natasha R. Hodgson - Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (2007)(1).pdf

Narratives of crusading have often been overlooked as a source for the history of women because of their focus on martial events, and perceptions about women inhibiting the recruitment and progress of crusading armies. Yet women consistently appeared in the histories of crusade and settlement, performing a variety of roles. While some were vilified as 'useless mouths' or prostitutes, others undertook menial tasks for the army, went on crusade with retinues of their own knights, and rose to political prominence in the Levant and and the West. This book compares perceptions of women from a wide range of historical narratives including those eyewitness accounts, lay histories and monastic chronicles that pertained to major crusade expeditions and the settler society in the Holy Land. It addresses how authors used events involving women and stereotypes based on gender, family role, and social status in writing their histories: how they blended historia and fabula, speculated on women's motivations, and occasionally granted them a literary voice in order to connect with their audience, impart moral advice, and justify the crusade ideal. Dr NATASHA R. HODGSON teaches at Nottingham Trent University.

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Frederick H. Russell - The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975).pdf

The first systematic attempt to reconstruct from original manuscript sources and early printed books the medieval doctrines relating to the just war, the holy war and the crusade. Despite the frequency of wars and armed conflicts throughout the course of western history, no comprehensive survey has previously been made of the justifications of warfare that were elaborated by Roman lawyers, canon lawyers and theologians in the twelfth and thirteenth century universities. After a brief survey of theories of the just war in antiquity, with emphasis on Cicero and Augustine, and of thought on early medieval warfare, the central chapters are devoted to scholastics such as Pope Innocent IV, Hostiensis and Thomas Aquinas. Professor Russell attempts to correlate theories of the just war with political and intellectual development in the Middle Ages. His conclusion evaluates the just war in the light of late medieval and early modern statecraft and poses questions about its compatibility with Christian ethics and its validity within international law.

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Kenneth M. Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin - A History of the Crusades, Volume I, The First Hundred Year s (1969).pdf

The six volumes of A History of the Crusades will stand as the definitive history of the Crusades, spanning five centuries, encompassing Jewish, Moslem, and Christian perspectives, and containing a wealth of information and analysis of the history, politics, economics, and culture of the medieval world.

Kenneth M. Setton was professor of history at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.

I. Painter. Sidney. "Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades." 3-30

II Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade

A. Wheeler, Benjamin W. "The Reconquest of Spain before 1095." 31-39

B. Krueger, Hilmar C. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095." 40-53

C. Lopez, Robert S. "The Norman Conquest of Sicily." 54-67

D. Runciman, Steven. "The Pilgrimages to Palestine before 1095." 68-80

III Gibb, Hamilton A. R. "The Caliphate and the Arab States." 81-99

IV Lewis, Bernard. "The Isma'ilites and the Assassins." 99-134

V Cahen, Claude. "The Turkish Invasion: The Selchükids." 135-76

VI Charanis, Peter. "The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century." 177-219

VII Duncalf, Frederic. "The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont." 220-254

VIII Duncalf, Frederic. "The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople." 253-79

IX Runciman, Steven. "The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch." 280-307

X Runciman, Steven. "The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon." 308-42

XI Cate, James Lea. "The Crusade of 1101." 343-67

XII Fink, Harold S., "The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099-1118." 368-409

XIII Nicholson, Robert L. "The Growth of the Latin States, 1118-1144." 410-48

XIV Gibb, Hamilton A. R. "Zengi and the Fall of Edessa." 449-63

XV Berry. Virginia G. "The Second Crusade." 463-512

XVI Gibb, Hamilton A. R. "The Career of Nur-ad-Din." 513-27

XVII Baldwin, Marshall W. "The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143-1174." 528-62

XVIII Gibb, Hamilton A. R. "The Rise of Saladin, 1169-1189." 563-89

XIX Baldwin, Marshall W. "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189." 590-621

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Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolf, Harry W. Hazar d - A History of the Crusades, Volume II, The Late r Crusades, 1189-1311 (1969).pdf

I Wiruszowski, Helene. "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades." 3-44

II Painter, Sidney. "The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus." 45-87

III Johnson, Edgar N. "The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI." 87-122

IV Hussey, Joan M. "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081-1204." 123-54

V McNeal, Edgar H. and Robert Lee Wolf. "The Fourth Crusade." 153-87

VI Wolf, Robert Lee. "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204-l261." 187-234

VII Longnon, Jean. "The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311." 235-76

VIII Evans, Austin P. "The Albigensian Crusade." 277-324

IX Zacour, Norman P. "The Children's Crusade." 325-43

X Strayer, Joseph R. "The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century." 343-77

XI Van Cleve, Thomas C. "The Fifth Crusade." 377-428

XII Van Cleve, Thomas C. "The Crusade of Frederick II." 429-63

XIII Painter, Sydney. "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241." 463-87

XIV Strayer, Joseph R. "The Crusades of Louis IX." 487-521

XV Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson. "The Crusader States, 1192-1243." 522-56

XVI Runciman, Steven. "The Crusader States, 1243-1291." 557-99

XVII Furber, Elizabeth Chapin. "The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191-1291." 599-629

XVIII Der Nersessian, Sirarpie. "The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia." 630-60

XIX Cahen, Claude. "The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions." 661-92

XX Gibb, Hamilton A. R.. "The Aiyubids." 693-714

XXI Cahen, Claude. "The Mongols and the Near East." 715-34

XXII Ziada, Mustafa M. "The Mamluk Sultans to 1293." 735-58

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Kenneth M. Setton, Harry W. Hazard - A History of the Crusades, Volume III, The Fourteenth and Fifte enth Centuries (1975).pdf

I Atiya, Aziz S. "The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century." 3-26

II Geanakoplos, Deno. "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261-1354." 27-68

III Geanakoplos, Deno. "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354-1453." 69-103

IV Topping, Peter. "The Morea, 1311-1364." 104-40

V Topping, Peter. "The Morea, 1364-1460." 141-66

VI Setton, Kenneth M. "The Catalans in Greece, 1311-1380." 167-224

VII Setton, Kenneth M. "The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380-1462." 225-77

VIII Luttrell. Anthony. "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306-1421." 278-313

IX Rossi, Ettore. "Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421-1523." 314-39

X Luke, Harry. "The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291-1369." 340-60

XI Luke, Harry. "The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369-1489." 361-95

XII Bishko, Charles Julian. "The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095-1492." 396-456
Online at http://libro.uca.edu/bishko/spr1.htm

XIII Hazard, Harry. "Moslem North Africa, 1049-1394." 457-85

XIV Ziada, Mustafa M. "The Mamluk Sultans, 1291-1517." 486-512

XV Sinor, Denis. "The Mongols and Western Europe." 513-44

XVI Johnson, Edgar N. "The German Crusade on the Baltic." 545-85

XVII Heymann, Frederick G. "The Crusades against the Hussites." 586-646

XVIII Atiya, Aziz S. "The Aftermath of the Crusades." 647-66

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Kenneth M. Setton, Harry W. Hazard - A History of the Crusades, Volume IV, The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States (1977).pdf

I Holmes, Urban Tignor. "Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries." 3-35

II Savage, Henry L. "Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095." 36-68

III Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria

A. Boase, T S, R. "Architecture and Sculpture." 69-116

B. Boase, T S, R. "Mosaic, Painting, and Minor Arts." 117-139

IV Boase, T S, R. "Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria." 140-65

V The Arts in Cyprus

A. Boase, T S, R. "Ecclesiastical Art." 165-96

B. Megaw, A. H. S. "Military Architecture." 196-208

VI The Arts in Frankish Greece and Rhodes

A. Wallace, David J. and T S.R. Boase. "Frankish Greece." 208-28

B. Boase, T S, R. "Rhodes." 229-50

VII Folda, Jaroslav. "Painting and Sculpture in tile Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099-1291." 251-80

Folda, Jaroslav. "Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey." 281-354

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49,9 MB
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Kenneth M. Setton, Norman P. Zacour, Harry W. Haza rd - A History of the Crusades, Volume V, The Impa ct of the Crusades on the Near East (1985).pdf

I Faris, Nabih Amin. "Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century." 3-32

II Hitti, Philip Khuri. "The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands." 33-58

III Prawer, Joshua. "Social Classes in the Crusader States: the 'Minorities.'" 59-116

IV Prawer, Joshua. "Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks." 117-92

V Richard, Jean. "The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States." 193-250

VI Richard, Jean. "Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States." 251-95

VII Russell, Josiah C. "The Population of the Crusader States." 295-315

VIII Sterns, Indrikis. "The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States." 315-79

IX Robbert, Louise Buenger. "Venice and the Crusades." 379-451

X Baldwin, Marshall W. "Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." 452-518

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Kenneth M. Setton, Norman P. Zacour, Harry W. Haza rd - A History of the Crusades, Volume VI, The Imp act of the Crusades on Europe (1990).pdf

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Avner Falk - Franks and Saracens; Reality and Fant asy in the Crusades (2010).pdf

This is the first and only book to examine the Crusades from the added viewpoint of psychoanalysis, studying the hidden emotions and fantasies that drove the Crusaders and the Muslims to undertake their terrible wars. The reader will learn that the deepest and most powerful motives for the Crusades were not only religious or territorial, or the quest for lands, wealth or titles, but also unconscious emotions and fantasies about one's country, one's religion, one's enemies, God and the Devil, Us and Them, as well as the collective inability to mourn large-group losses and the collective needs of large groups such as nations and religions to develop a clear identity, to have boundaries, and to have enemies and allies. Motives which the Crusaders and the Muslims were not aware of were among the most powerful in driving several centuries of terrible and seemingly-endless warfare.

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Christopher Tyerman - Fighting for Christendom; Ho ly War and the Crusades (2005).pdf

Crusading fervour gripped Europe for over 200 years, creating one of the most extraordinary, vivid periods in world history. Whether the Crusades are regarded as the most romantic of Christian expeditions, or the last of the barbarian invasions, they have fascinated generations ever since, and their legacy of ideas and imagery has resonated through the centuries, inspiring Hollywood movies and great works of literature. Even today, to invoke the Crusades is to stir deep cultural myths, assumptions and prejudices. Yet despite their powerful hold on our imaginations, our knowledge of them remains obscured and distorted by time. Were the Crusaders motivated by spiritual rewards, or by greed for the power and booty to be captured in the east? Was the papacy imposing uniformity from within, or defending itself from the infidel enemy without? Were the Crusades an experiment in European colonialism, or a manifestation of religious love? How were they organized and founded? Christopher Tyerman picks his way through the many debates to present a clear and lively discussion of the Crusades; bringing together issues of colonialism, cultural exchange, economic exploitation, and the relationship between past and present.

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Abdul Rahman Azzam - Saladin (2009).pdf

This is the first serious biography of Saladin in over 20 years and the first ever by a non Western scholar.

This is the first major biography of Saladin, arguably the greatest figure in Islamic history, for 20 years. As famous today as he was when he drove the Crusaders out of Jerusalem, the real Saladin has dissolved into legend with each retelling of his story. This book seeks to redress the balance.

A unique non-Western perspective on the life of a heroic leader who united Sunni and Shi'ite against the infidel, this is the first biography of Saladin by a Muslim historian in English

Offers a context for today's struggles in the Middle East

Contains dispatches and letters of his most trusted adviser and secretary of state, al-Qadi al-Fadil, which reflect Saladin's motives and ideals.

"absorbing" - FT Weekend 17 January 2009 (circulation 500,000) "timely and well-written" - Irish News, 10 January 2009 (readership 180,000) "His book is a comprehensive survey not just of the man, but of the age in which he lived" - Edinburgh Evening News, 10 January 2009 (readership 272,000)

"The strength of Azzam's study lies in illuminating Saladin's many connections with Sunni theologians, jurists and teachers, and their mutually reinforcing activities, such as his foundation of numerous madrassas that embedded Sunni orthodoxy among the Egyptian population, but also turned out trained administrators for his growing empire".
Times Higher Education

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Christopher MacEvitt - The Crusades and the Christ ian World of the East; Rough Tolerance (2007).pdf

In the wake of Jerusalem's fall in 1099, the crusading armies of western Christians known as the Franks found themselves governing not only Muslims and Jews but also local Christians, whose culture and traditions were a world apart from their own. The crusader-occupied swaths of Syria and Palestine were home to many separate Christian communities: Greek and Syrian Orthodox, Armenians, and other sects with sharp doctrinal differences. How did these disparate groups live together under Frankish rule?

In The Crusades and the Christian World of the East, Christopher MacEvitt marshals an impressive array of literary, legal, artistic, and archeological evidence to demonstrate how crusader ideology and religious difference gave rise to a mode of coexistence he calls "rough tolerance." The twelfth-century Frankish rulers of the Levant and their Christian subjects were separated by language, religious practices, and beliefs. Yet western Christians showed little interest in such differences. Franks intermarried with local Christians and shared shrines and churches, but they did not hesitate to use military force against Christian communities. Rough tolerance was unlike other medieval modes of dealing with religious difference, and MacEvitt illuminates the factors that led to this striking divergence.

"It is commonplace to discuss the diversity of the Middle East in terms of Muslims, Jews, and Christians," MacEvitt writes, "yet even this simplifies its religious complexity." While most crusade history has focused on Christian-Muslim encounters, MacEvitt offers an often surprising account by examining the intersection of the Middle Eastern and Frankish Christian worlds during the century of the First Crusade.

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Angeliki E. Laiou, Roy Parviz Mottahedeh - The Cru sades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Mu slim World (2001).pdf

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World is the result of scholarly reassessments of the Crusades on the 900th anniversary of the appearance of crusading armies outside Nicaea. The views expressed here complement the considerable number of other examinations that focused on the internal, Western, aspects of the movement on the 900th anniversary of the Council of Clermont.

The volume opens with an introduction to the historiography of the Crusades, followed by wide-ranging discussions covering four topics: holy war in Byzantium and Islam; the approaches and attitudes of the various peoples affected by and involved in the Crusades; the movement's effect on the economies of the eastern Mediterranean; and the influence of the Crusades on the art and architecture of the East.

The essays in this volume demonstrate that there were, on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, rich, variegated, and important phenomena associated with the Crusades, and that a full understanding of the significance of the movement and its impact on both the East and West must take these phenomena into account.

Angeliki E. Laiou is Dumbarton Oaks Professor of Byzantine History at Harvard University and a member of the Academy of Athens. Roy Parviz Mottahedeh is Gurney Professor of History at Harvard University.

Illustration: St. Sergios, monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai (courtesy of the Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expedition to Mount Sinai)

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Karl Borchardt, Nikolas Jaspert, Helen J. Nicholso n - The Hospitallers, the Mediterranean and Europe ; Festschrift for Anthony Luttrell (2007).pdf

Modern study of the Hospitallers, of other military-religious orders, and of their activities both in the Mediterranean and in Europe has been deeply influenced by the work of Anthony Luttrell. To mark his 75th birthday in October 2007 twenty-three colleagues from ten different countries have contributed to this volume.The first section focuses on the crusading period in the Holy Land, considering the Hospital in Jerusalem, relations with the Assassins, finances, indulgences, transportation and the careers of the brothers and knights. The second and third sections move to the later Middle Ages, when the Hospitallers had their centre on Rhodes, and military and charitable activities in the East had to be supported with men and money from the West. The papers in the second section consider the Hospitallers on Rhodes, relations between Rhodes and the West and plans for crusades, while the third section includes papers on the Hospitallers in the Iberian Peninsula and in Hungary, the territorial administration of the Order of Montesa in Valencia, a plan to transfer the headquarters of the Teutonic Order from Prussia to Frisia, and a Hospitaller reconsideration of warfare and learning on the eve of the council of Trent. The final paper proposes new definitions and guidelines for future work on the military-religious orders.The authors include both well-known experts and younger scholars who promise to follow in the footsteps of Anthony Luttrell and to continue research into the Hospitallers and their fellow orders, these peculiar European communities avant la lettre.

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Charles G. Addison - The History of the Knights Te mplars (1842).pdf

The history of the Knights Templars as told in 1842 by 'a member of the Inner Temple'. Chapters on the Origin of the Templars, their popularity in Europe and their rivalry with the Knights of St John, later to be known as the Knights of Malta. Detailed information on the activities of the Templars in the Holy Land, the 1312AD suppression of the Templars in France and other countries, culminating in the execution of Jacques de Molay. Also includes information on the continuation of the Knights Templars in England and Scotland and the formation of the society of Knights Templar in London and the rebuilding of the Temple in 1816.

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