Tomlew_2006

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Rekrut.The Rookie (2021) S04E03.PL.WEB-DL.avi

Lektor PL Sezon 4 . Odc. 3 Dramat, ...

Rekrut.The Rookie (2021) S04E05.PL.WEBRip.avi

Lektor PL Sezon 4 . Odc. 5 Dramat, ...

Nil - 5 tysięcy lat historii odc.4.rmvb

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Nil - 5 tysięcy lat historii odc.3.rmvb

The.Rookie.Rekrut.2019.S02E06.PL.HDTV.XviD.avi

Lektor PL Sezon 2 . Odc. 6

Tajemnice historii - Prawdziwy Casanova.mp4

Tajemnice historii - Gdyby mury Watykanu mogły mówić.mp4

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Tajemnice historii - Kardynał Richelieu - Niebo może p....mp4

Tajemnice historii - Kardynał Richelieu - Niebo może poczekać.mp4

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Tajemnice historii - Zagadkowa śmierć ostatniego cara.mp4

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Osprey Series - World History

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218 KB
10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Men-at-Arms 459 - Raffaele D’Amato - The Varangian Guard 988-1453 (2010).jpg

The Varangian Guards were Viking mercenaries who operated far beyond their native shores as an elite force within the Byzantine Armies. Descendants from a legendary line of warriors, the Varangian Guard was formed after a group of Viking mercenaries made a major contribution to the Byzantine Emperor Basil II's victory over rebel forces in 988 AD. These 5,000 men were then retained as Basil's personal guard and would provide loyal service to many successive occupants of the imperial throne.
Commonly referred to as 'foreigners' (Etaireia), they were nonetheless absorbed into a new Palatine regiment under command of an officer termed the Akolouthos, who was either a Norsemen or a Rus (Norsemen colonizers of Russia). The Varangians wore mixtures of their native clothing and armor together with a splendid formal Byzantine uniform. But most famously, they always wielded their own traditional battle-axes; this became a sign that the emperor was on the battlefield in person. This is an insightful look of one of the legendary guard units of the medieval world, complete with a dazzling array of artwork plates showing the Varangian Guard in an array of settings from court ceremonies to the battlefield.

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10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Campaign 13 - Christopher Gravett - Hasti ngs 1066, The Fall of Saxon England (1992).jpg

Fought on 14th October 1066 between Duke William of Normandy and Harold Godwinson, king of England, the Battle of Hastings irrevocably changed the course of English history. William's victory ensured his accession to the English throne. Hastings was also decisive in another way: the horrendous casualties suffered by the English nobility both there and at the two earlier battles of Fulford and Stamford Bridge resulted in there being very few men influential enough to lead an English resistance once William had been crowned. William would survive long enough to successfully found a Norman dynasty of English kings.

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10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Warrior 01 - Christopher Gravett - Norman Knight 950-1204 AD (2006).jpg

Throughout the 11th and 12th centuries the Norman knight was possibly the most feared warrior in Western Europe. He was descended originally from the Vikings who had settled in Northern France under their leader Rollo in or around 911 at the behest of Charles the Simple and throughout the following centuries they remembered and built on their warlike reputation. This book shows how their military prowess was renowned throughout the known world and resulted in Normans conquering Sicily in 1060 and England in 1066, as well as participating in many important battles in Italy and playing a major part in the First Crusade.

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5,5 MB
10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Warrior 01 - Christopher Gravett - Norman Knight 950-1204 AD (2006).pdf

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10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Field of Glory 8 - Richard Bodley-Scott - Wolves from the Sea, The Dark Ages (2009).jpg

This book covers the Early Medieval period in western and northern Europe, commonly known as the "Dark Ages", from 496 AD until 1070 AD.
Following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century, the post-Roman world was divided into a number of kingdoms, each ruled by the "barbarian" grouping that had come to control it during the last days of die Empire. After the initial round of wars, the Franks held most of modern France and also controlled a substantial area of Germany, the Visigoths held Spain, the Ostrogoths held Italy and the Vandals held North Africa.
Continuity with the Roman Empire, however, was at first considerable. Many of the "barbarian" armies, though of Germanic tribal origin, were in fact originally Late Roman field armies, and continued to use Late Roman methods of supporting the soldiers. Each soldier was assigned to share a portion of the land of a Roman landowner, from which he drew his pay.
In the mid 6th century the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire launched a counter-offensive, reconquering Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths and part of southern Spain from the Visigoths. Soon after, however, diey lost the north of Italy to the invading Lombards.

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10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - General Military - Christopher Gravett - The Normans, Warrior Knights and Their Castles (20 06).jpg

Osprey Series - W... - Osprey - General Military - Christopher Gravett ... Normans, Warrior Knights and Their Castles 2006.jpg

The Norman Knight was the most feared warrior during the 11th and 12th centuries in Western Europe. Tales of their conquests spread throughout the known world as their military prowess resulted in the capture Sicily in 1060 and England in 1066. The Normans adopted Carolingian feudalism, cavalry warfare and castles, and they built archetypal feudal states on both sides of the English Channel. Their strongholds included the Tower of London and other fortifications along the coast and borders of England, and many of these structures survive today testimony to the military might of the Norman conqueror. This beautifully illustrated book explores the world of the Normans and the life of a typical Norman knight, and authors Chris Gravett and David Nicolle discuss the spectacular castles that they erected to protect their lands.

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10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Fortress 13 - Christopher Gravett - Norma n Stone Castles (1), The British Isles 1066 - 1216 (2003).jpg

Osprey Series - W... - Osprey - Fortress 13 - Christopher Gravett - Nor...ne Castles 1, The British Isles 1066 - 1216 2003.jpg

It has been argued that the English castle began with the Anglo-Saxons (who by 1066 should perhaps be more properly termed the Anglo-Danes), pointing out that they sometimes occupied defensive structures. However, an opposing viewpoint holds that the English castle began with the Normans. Since a castle is a home as well as a stronghold, the communal burhs seen in England before the Norman Conquest, and designed to protect a number of people, do not qualify. Only a thegn's private dwelling, with ditch and palisades, suggests possible continuities with the castles of the Normans. Contemporaries of the Normans, such as Orderic Vitalis, certainly thought of castles as a novelty and the lack of them in pre-conquest England as a contributing factor to defeat; yet it may be only their use as centres of seigneurial administration by the Normans that truly sets them apart from the defended houses of the English thegns. The use of a tower to display the lord to his subjects, evident in some early Norman stone gateways, certainly seems to echo the Anglo-Saxon burhgeat with an opening in its upper storey.

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40,2 MB
10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Fortress 13 - Christopher Gravett - Norma n Stone Castles (1), The British Isles 1066 - 1216 (2003).pdf

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10 sty 15 1:03

Osprey - Fortress 18 - Christopher Gravett - Norm an Stone Castles (2), Europe 950-1204 (2004).jpg

Following their settlement in the north of France, the Normans sought to consolidate their territorial gains in what was to become known as Normandy. They did this by building a series of castles and fortifications. Duke William's desire to hold down his lords, and his efforts to crush opposition to his minority also led to a number of famous sieges at castles such as Brionne, Arques and Alencon. This book discusses the Norman castles in Normandy, as well as in the Mediterranean, where at Melfi and Ademo in Italy and Sicily, Sahyun and Bagras in the Principality of Antioch they also left their mark.

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